Theories of Motivation
There are many internal and external variables that affect the motivation to work. Behavioral scientists started to search new facts and techniques for motivation. These are called as motivation theories.
The most important theories are 1. Mc Gregor‘s Theory X and Theory Y 2. Herzberg‘s Two Factor Theory 3. Maslow‘s Need Hierarchy Theory 4. Mc Clelland‘s Achievement Theory
Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The style adopted by a manager in managing his subordinates is basically dependent upon his assumption about human behavior. Theory X is negative, traditional and autocratic style while theory Y is positive, participatory and democratic. Thus these two theories are contrasting set of assumptions about human behavior.
Theory X – This is the traditional theory of human behavior which makes the following assumptions
1. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can.
2. He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility and prefers to be directed.
3. He is inherently self-centered, indifferent to organizational needs.
4. He is by nature resistant to change.
5. Working method of the people is generally traditional and hence there is little scope for the development and research.
6. People would be passive without active intervention by management. Hence they must be persuaded, rewarded, punished and properly directed.
7. He is gullible, not very bright.
Theory Y – As a result of many psychological and social researches Mc Gregor developed an opposing theory- theory Y. according to Mc Gregor, Theory Y is based on the following assumptions
1. Work is natural as play or rest, provided the conditions are favorable. The average human being does not inherently dislike work.
2. External control; and the thrust of punishment are not the only means for bringing about efforts towards organizational objectives. Man will exercise self direction and self control in the service of objectives to which he is controlled.
3. Commitment to objectives is a result of the rewards associated with their achievement.
4. The average humans being, under proper conditions learn not only to accept responsibility but also to seek it.
5. He has capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly distributed in the population.
6. Under conditions of modern industrial life the intellectual potentialities of people are only partially utilized.
There are many internal and external variables that affect the motivation to work. Behavioral scientists started to search new facts and techniques for motivation. These are called as motivation theories.
The most important theories are 1. Mc Gregor‘s Theory X and Theory Y 2. Herzberg‘s Two Factor Theory 3. Maslow‘s Need Hierarchy Theory 4. Mc Clelland‘s Achievement Theory
Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
The style adopted by a manager in managing his subordinates is basically dependent upon his assumption about human behavior. Theory X is negative, traditional and autocratic style while theory Y is positive, participatory and democratic. Thus these two theories are contrasting set of assumptions about human behavior.
Theory X – This is the traditional theory of human behavior which makes the following assumptions
1. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can.
2. He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility and prefers to be directed.
3. He is inherently self-centered, indifferent to organizational needs.
4. He is by nature resistant to change.
5. Working method of the people is generally traditional and hence there is little scope for the development and research.
6. People would be passive without active intervention by management. Hence they must be persuaded, rewarded, punished and properly directed.
7. He is gullible, not very bright.
Theory Y – As a result of many psychological and social researches Mc Gregor developed an opposing theory- theory Y. according to Mc Gregor, Theory Y is based on the following assumptions
1. Work is natural as play or rest, provided the conditions are favorable. The average human being does not inherently dislike work.
2. External control; and the thrust of punishment are not the only means for bringing about efforts towards organizational objectives. Man will exercise self direction and self control in the service of objectives to which he is controlled.
3. Commitment to objectives is a result of the rewards associated with their achievement.
4. The average humans being, under proper conditions learn not only to accept responsibility but also to seek it.
5. He has capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly distributed in the population.
6. Under conditions of modern industrial life the intellectual potentialities of people are only partially utilized.
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